The majority of nouns in English spell their plural by simply adding a final -s. Nouns that are noncount or abstract (e.g., cheese, sugar, honesty, intelligence) generally take a singular verb, but in some instances can be plural, in which case they follow the rules for plural based on their spelling. Also, there are some categories of words which are only plural, even though their spelling does not reflect this. They are included in a list at the end of this page. For irregular count nouns and nouns that have been borrowed from other languages, the rules are as follows:
Variations of the final -s rule:
Nouns that end with -s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch
Add -es glass/glasses, buzz/buzzes, box/boxes, bush/bushes, switch/switches
Nouns that end in -o
Add -es potato/potatoes, echo/echoes, hero/heroes exceptions: studio/studios, piano/pianos, kangaroo/kangaroos, zoo/zoos either: buffalo/buffalo(e)s, cargo/cargo(e)s, motto/motto(e)s, volcano/volcano(e)s
Nouns that end in a consonant + -y
Change -y to -i and add -es baby/babies, spy/spies, poppy/poppies
Nouns that end in -f, or -fe
Change the -f to -v and add -es
shelf/shelves, wolf/wolves, knife/knives, wife/wives
Nouns adopted from other languages:
Singular ends in -is
Plural ends in -es analysis/analyses, basis/bases
Singular ends in -um
Plural ends in -a datum/data, curriculum/curricula
Singular ends in -on
Plural ends in -a criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena
Singular ends in -a
Plural ends in -ae formula/formulae, antenna/antennae
Singular ends in -ex or -ix
Plural ends in -ices appendix/appendices, index/indices
Singular ends in -us
Plural ends in -i focus/foci, stimulus/stimuli
Singular ends in -us
Plural ends in -a corpus/corpora, genus/genera
Singular ends in -eau
Plural ends in -eaux bureau/bureaux, beau/beaux
Nouns that have only a plural form and so take a plural verb
Things that come in pairs
Tools: glasses, scissors, binoculars, forceps, tongs, tweezers Clothes: jeans, pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers
Nouns that end in -s but have no singular (aggregate nouns)
accommodations, amends, archives, arms (weapons), bowels, intestines, brains (intellect), clothes, communications, congratulations, contents, stairs, thanks, goods
Nouns that are plural but do not end in -s
people, police, cattle, people
